Taking a Look at Vitamin B12 - 1574 Words

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is an essential cofactor for many processes in the human body. The vitamin is essential in the diet, meaning that the body is not capable of producing vitamin B12 or its derivatives without obtaining the raw vitamin through ingestion. Although animals cannot produce cobalamin, organisms belonging to the domains bacteria and archaea are capable of synthesizing it. Many foods are fortified with B vitamins in order to maintain vitamin levels in the population. The recommended intake of Vitamin B12 in order to maintain proper health for an average adult is 2.4 micrograms per day. The main dietary sources of the vitamin are fish, meat, dairy and fortified foods. The history of Vitamin B12 is very similar to that of other vitamins and cofactors, in that Vitamin B12 was discovered because of the disease that its deficiency causes in humans. In this particular case, the disease that led to the discovery was pernicious anemia. In 1855, the disease was first described by a doctor working at Guy’s Hospital in London named Thomas Addison in his article Disease of the Suprarenal Capsules. For this reason, pernicious anemia is also known as Addison’s anemia. At this point in time, pernicious anemia was considered to be a death sentence to those afflicted. Another seventy years passed before significant advances were made in the treatment of pernicious anemia. In 1920, Doctor William Murphy began working on experiments to find a treatmentShow MoreRelatedHealthy Eating Plan Vs. Nutrition1394 Words   |  6 Pagesfor dinner you may have grilled fish with green beans. I did my 3-day analysis and I do not eat healthy. Week 1 of the class we had to track 3 days of how do we eat. I am the type of person that will go without eating. With me working two jobs and taking summer classes I am very busy. I normally do not eat breakfast but if I do have breakfast I’ll eat a brown sugar pop tart. Some nights when I get home I may go without eating. Day 1 of me tracking what I ate was on a Monday I did not have anythingRead MoreVitamins : What Are Vitamins? Essay1315 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are vitamins? Everyone has heard of vitamins. There s a decent chance that you ve been told to take vitamins one or maybe a thousand times in your life. But what are vitamins? The exact answer to that question isn t known by very many people. What vitamins are is nutrients that are needed by an organism in order to be healthy and, in some cases, to survive. The most common types of vitamins are: Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Vitamin C, and Vitamin E. There are many different types of Vitamin B includingRead MoreThe Use of Vitamins to Battle Acne2607 Words   |  11 Pagesingesting foods and/or vitamin supplements rich with antioxidant properties will sustain health and vitalization that will reflect on the outside, affecting overall appearance. The Vitamin for Acne Guide, http://acnevitamin.org/, answers many of the questions related to acne and vitamin usage necessary to maintain skin that is healthy and blemish free. The skin, being the body’s largest organ, needs full-time care and nourishment. By ingesting the proper foods full of essential vitamins and drinking lotsRead MoreRed Meat Is Good For You1313 Words   |  6 Pagesconsuming red meat, you raise your risk of getting cancer. Fortunately, there are two sides to this controversial issue. In recent years, studies have proven that red meat is beneficial to the human body because it provides an excellent source of vitamins and minerals that are hard to intake from any other foods. When cancer researchers started increasingly blaming red meat for causing fatal health problems, meat-lovers took it upon themselves to prove that red meat is more beneficial than harmfulRead MoreIprofile Analysis1153 Words   |  5 Pagesto DRI dealing with micronutrients; I noticed my intake of Vitamin A was 88 micrograms and my DRI was 700 micrograms. I got 49% from the grilled cheese and 1% from the banana chips. To improve my Vitamin E intake I should eat more beef and cooked vegetables such as carrots. My Vitamin D intake was below the recommended range at 0 mg; I should eat more fish such as salmon or possibly find a Vitamin D supplement. My consumption of Vitamin E or Alpha-Tocopherol was an intake of 1 mg and my DRI wasRead More Adequate Nutrition in Vegetarian Diets Essay2999 Words   |  12 Pagesis a possible vitamin B12 deficiency. Next to amino acids and protein, the problem of how a vegan gets his vitamin B12 is the most controversial issue. Vitamin B12 is a crucial vitamin; a deficiency affects every cell in the body and may give rise to such symptoms as tiredness, sore tongue, breathlessness, and dyspepsia or indigestion. (Barkas 173) All of these symptoms can be prevented if every vegetarian knows and regularly consumes foods with vitamin B12. Vegans haveRead MoreAustralian Food Habits 1428 Words   |  6 Pagesthe main meals in my diet (Savige et al as cited in Ganasegeran et al, 2012). This would increase the risk of heart diseases, high LDL cholesterol and obesity (National Heart Foundation of Australia, 2009) As a student and low income earner I would look to purchase more energy dense foods to maximise the calories obtained for the money that I spend on them (French, Wall Mitchell, 2010). If this amount was to double then I would spend more of my income - around $21.00 on fresh fruits and vegetablesRead MoreAnemia Case Study Answers1331 Words   |  6 Pagesdaughter for ongoing fatigue also noted to have lost 5 pounds over past 6 months. No night sweats or fevers. Pertinent past medical history includes severe, generalized osteoarthritis, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and depression. She is taking the following medications: acetaminophen 650mg every eight hours, Lyrica 75 mg twice daily; alendronate 70 mg once weekly, valsartan 320 mg once daily, fluoxetine 40mg once daily and insulin glargine 20 units once daily. Your exam reveals slight paleRead MoreHow Do Joint Joints Vitamins And Different Bone Deficiencies?1111 Words   |  5 Pages you ve got traditionally heard of experiences of persons suffering from painful joints. For some, the situation would even be a default when you re getting old. Is there relatively no manner out of these stipulations? How do joint affliction vitamins support in such scenarios? There are numerous commercials showing more than a few joint ache nutrients. These merchandise are simply in the market in this day and age. All of them, of direction, promise to be the first-class among the quality. ItRead MoreSci 241 Week 524609 Words   |  99 Pagespantothenic acid are B vitamins needed to produce ATP from carbohydrate, fat, and protein. Vitamin B6 is important for amino acid metabolism as well as energy production. Folate is a coenzyme that is needed for cell division. Vitamin B12, only found in animal foods, is needed for nerve function and to activate folate. Vitamin C is needed to form connective tissue and acts as a watersoluble antioxidant. Vitamin A is essential for vision, and it regulates cell differentiation and growth. Vitamin D is necessary

Keeping The Psycholinguistic And Sociolinguistic...

Keeping the psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic characteristics in mind for my future classroom as well as some classrooms I have been in working with and observing students. This paper will talk about the best way I feel is to reach the linguistic needs of my students. There were about twenty-five ELL students in my classroom this past semester, however, I only worked with six. All the ELL students in my class were Spanish speakers as their first language. Although I didn’t work with these students more than once a week, I gained a good enough sense of my six students I will be keeping them in mind as I write this paper. There were five boys and one girls. I addressed their language learning needs in a few ways. I typically worked with my student during their English time during the day to help the develop their English. One way I addressed the needs of my students by making flash cards for the vocabulary words that I would be teaching my students each week. I also adjusted my speech when talking to the students for when the students were not understanding me, using simpler words. Also at times when my students were not understanding English, or felt like they were not able to write in English I let them speak in Spanish between each other to help clarify what was happening and I would let the students write in Spanish, then tell me what they were saying in English. All lesson I did with these student were in English only due to the class I was in was to help the stuntShow MoreRelatedSkripsi Bahasa Inggris16760 Words   |  68 Pagesspecifically as Presentation Method in the teaching and learning process. This study is going to reveal the process of transferring language target at Natya Language Service and Program by this following question: 1. What are the design characteristics of Presentation Method at Natya Language Service and Program like? 2. How is the practical procedure of Presentation Method at Natya Language Service and Program? This study is conducted at Natya Language Service Program for about a month

Internal External Organizational Forces Free Essays

As one of the nation’s leading wireless and technological service providers, Verizon Communications is one of the most successful examples of rapid expansion in the years since they first opened their doors in 1983. With 93. 2 million customers, Verizon has grown into a massive organization that continues to expand and change. We will write a custom essay sample on Internal External Organizational Forces or any similar topic only for you Order Now These changes are a part of the organization’s plan, but are and will continue to be influenced by Internal and external factors along the way. Organization Mission Verizon’s mission may appear simple yet to live up to this mission is no daunting ask in an industry that is rapidly changing with technology advances. They exist to provide customers with great service and communication possibilities while following their core values of integrity, respect, performance excellence, and accountability (Verizon, n. D. ). These values are expected to be followed for not only external customers but internal customers as well. To be a leader in their industry Verizon listens to customers, embraces diversity, demonstrates honesty, takes responsibility for their actions, and pursues the highest standard in their services. Verizon’s session lays the foundation for the organizational behavior that must be accepted and demonstrated from all Verizon employees. Restructuring In early fall of 2009, Verizon announced that they were restructuring two of their business groups Into one known as Verizon Hireling. This realigning was planned to capitalize new avenues for growth and to improve productivity according to Verizon which also moved marketing execution closer to the customer-facing operations (Verizon, 2009). The restructuring included a shift of seven executive positions. Although the announcement did not state how these shifts would affect other employees and reporting chains It is probably safe to say that the restructuring brought concern and questions to their minds. Reporting chain of commands and Job duties would have been affected by Verizon’s restructuring. According to Shoehorning (2008), restructuring, while needed to remain competitive within an industry, creates emotional conflict. Role, interpersonal, and intercrop are other types of conflict that can occur with change. Verizon management had to plan out how to deal with the conflict that would have been a common result of their restructuring transition phase. Competition Verizon has always been a leader and an Innovator In the wireless communication industry. But lately their sales have seen a decrease due to the popularity of Apple’s Phone and its exclusive contract with ATT. Even though the Phone and ATT aren’t the only competition they are the biggest for the top of the line smart phones. Other competitors in the cell phone market include T-mobile, Metro PC’S and Sprint. These companies compete by offering lower all inclusive plan rates and month to month contracts or pay as you go service. Even though these companies offer lower rates tenet coverage Is not as Drama as Verizon Ana Al I cross the U. S. And the world. ATT has also been widely criticized about their coverage versus Verizon’s. When Apple released the ‘phone on June 29, 2007 it revolutionized the cell phone industry and raised the bar for all other manufacturers, but the biggest hit to the competition of carriers was that the only provider of the Phone would be ATT. Research in Motion the maker of Blackberry and Verizon’s biggest seller launched their own version of the touch screen phone called the Storm which paled in comparison to the Phone. Verizon started an all out aiming against AT;T and their lack of coverage for cellular use across the country which AT;T vigorously defended but seems to be true according to reports in the magazine Consumer Reports. Verizon could be on the verge of ruling the cellular industry with the impending negotiations with Apple and allowing Verizon to sell the Phone and it could be soon since Verizon is now selling the Pad. They have also seen sales rise with the ETC touch screen phone with the Android operating system that has gone toe to toe with the Phone and offers better g coverage with Verizon. The economy has taken its Economy OLL on not only the housing market and employment but all the way down to how we live our lives on basic necessities. People have had to cut back on how they shop for groceries, cutting back or even canceling cable service and adjusting their cellular plans. This has affected Verizon by customers decreasing their plans minutes or going to a cheaper competitor that will offer the same package at a lower price. Other carriers such as Metro PC’S and Sprint offer the same package of talk, text and data plans as Verizon for half the cost but the coverage is not as good so customers are willing to give up coverage for cost. The economy has also affected the products that Verizon sells as less people are upgrading their phones and holding on to the ones they have for longer periods of time and more people are opting for monthly contracts as opposed to lengthy 2 year contracts offered by the major carriers like Verizon and ATT. Every facet of our lives has been affected by the recent economy and how we communicate is one of them. Customer Demands In recent years, Verizon has become more than Just the nation’s leading wireless service provider by simply listening to customer demands and taking notice of customer’s needs. The have expanded to providing internet service, television, wireless service, and landlines service. Verizon has been the first to address our nation’s demand for bundling services to save money and to simplify lives. There are many factors that influence how Verizon handles the demands of customers. Being that they are the nation’s leading wireless provider, the will also require a lot of support to keep customers happy. No matter what kind of service, Verizon offers customer support via phone, internet, and house calls. Customer support is available to all types of customers, residential, small business, medium genuineness, or even for enterprise government sized accounts. The size of the organization indicates that there will always be unsatisfied customers, and in recent news many of these customers have banded together to file a lawsuit against Verizon for the monthly data plans being charged when services winner down. 0 take Acton Ana TIC ten customer service approver to Verizon customers, the organization has stated that they are in the process of De-automating their telephone systems so that customers can get to a live person more easily. As a highly publicized issue, this external factor has demanded that Verizon revamp the ay they handle customer service over th e phone. Globalization Verizon’s name is not only a household name in the United States. The organization has over 300 offices in 75 countries across 6 continents of the world. There are many reasons that Verizon has chosen to take business across seas. The most obvious influence would be an internal desire to expand and prosper as a business. The second factor that leads them to globalization is the external force of growth in need for international communication. As technology and trade evolves, the need for efficient international communication has and will continue to grow significantly. Technology influences the globalization need by the way it changes the kinds of services traded. No longer are we only exporting and importing goods from countries, with the aid of technology we are seeing an increase in service trading. India has been the leading example of the need for organizations to communicate overseas. With the increase in out sourcing work to countries overseas, American countries need to communicate in order for the services to be unison. Although there has been a lot of debate over the quality of service provided by other countries, with the aid of Verizon this cultural hurdle can be nonexistent. Conclusion Although it is true that the organization’s mission, reconstruction, competition, the economy, fiscal policies, customers, and globalization will always influence how Verizon continues to develop, their original mission’s intentions. How to cite Internal External Organizational Forces, Papers

Indian Luggage Industry free essay sample

As frequency of travel is low, the luggage manufacturers are facing a unique problem of keeping their brand at the top of the mind of customers. The product is a high involvement product at the time of purchase but after the purchase the interaction with the product is limited. The Company: VIP has been the undisputed market leader in Indian luggage industry. Having launched in 1971, VIP successfully captured the luggage market dominated mainly by unorganized sector and established itself in the Indian market using product innovations, stress on quality and brand building. It was the first company in India to introduce â€Å"non reversible multi safe lock†, soft grip handle, dual action lock and central locking system. These innovations together with brand building made VIP a market leader. However in late 1990’s VIP faced a formidable threat from Samsonite. VIP was very dominant in the mid-segment but did not have presence in the luxury segment. Samsonite established its presence in the luxury segment of the market. Soon Samsonite was able to capture a market share of about 35% in the luggage market within a short period of time. Additionally, VIP faced the problem faced by most of the known brands as the brand offered more generic value preposition in the mindset of consumers. Consequently, local markets took advantage of these factors, becoming more popular and affordable. These forced VIP to carryout a re-branding exercise and formulate a new marketing strategy in 2003. The new strategy of VIP is focusing on capturing or owning the concept of â€Å"Travel†. The Company thought of the most appropriate moments of travel and decided that the â€Å"time of departure â€Å"are the most critical constituents of travel. The logo was changed to a more contemporary logo and the advertisements were changed to communicate the new positioning. The new VIP Logo launched in 2003: However despite all these efforts the Company failed to capture the premium luggage segment. Due to economic boom in India and with lot of MNC’s having presence in India, there has been a significant growth in income levels and top executives having high disposable income. These executives are always on the move, however VIP is not able to tap this market segment because of lack of premium products to cater to this segment. Now, VIP wants to enter this premium luggage segment with the following objective: â€Å"To target the high-end customers who look for well–designed stylish products â€Å" With this in mind the following marketing plan is being formulated to ensure that VIP is successful in this market segment. The Marketing Plan 1) Formulate Strategy In order to formulate effective strategy, it becomes very important for the company to know where it stands today and where and what has it to target in the future. The most effective tool of SWOT Analysis was used to carry this out. The results were as tabulated below. SWOT Analysis: Strengths: Undisputed market leader in Indian luggage industry †¢Product Innovations, stress on quality and brand building †¢Strong distribution networkWeaknesses: †¢It has failed to create barriers by keeping many categories open for competitors to enter. †¢Still not able to capture premium segment. Opportunities: †¢Huge demand for premi um luggage from high end consumers †¢Very few players in this segment †¢Premium fashion houses lack luxury luggage accessories. Threat: †¢Presence of Samsonite in premium segment †¢Traditionally, VIP has offered generic value preposition †¢Competition from unorganized sector and Chinese market Based on SWOT analysis the Company was able to identify as follows: a)There exists a significant demand for premium segment luggage b)The Company should launch a new brand for this segment as existing VIP brand had a generic value preposition. c)Existing strengths will help capitalize on successful launch for the new brand. d)Tie with an international fashion brand was essential to give it a fashion statement and fulfill the current vacuum. e)A Brand ambassador, who is a successful and very polished icon, should be approached to promote this brand. ) Business Environment Analysis Due to the lack of presence in the premium segment (specific to competitors) and the failure to create barriers for competition, by keeping many categories open, VIP should review (and prioritize) its business tactics. The key business issues, with suitable marketing strategies, are as identified below. Business Issue Summary Matrix: Business IssuePossible Marketing strategyResource requirements when the mar keting programs are assembled Position in premium consumer segmentContemporary look redefined thru logo and ads to communicate new positioning Advertisements and campaigns to reflect the new positioning Brand IdentityJoint venture with an international fashion brand. Tie-up with International brands-Delsey Footloose Product PromotionPromote thru a brand ambassadorPre-launch promotional events, e. g. fashion shows, events 3) Market Profiling Economy: †¢Indian economy on the rise because of MNC’s †¢Air travel has increased substantially because of globalisation †¢High Disposable Income available. Luggage Industry †¢Buoyant air travel industry because of cheap fares Usage of luggage has increased †¢Innovations on rise Competitor’s Profile: †¢Within the external business environment, Samsonite was the major competitor. The first reason was that Samsonite was a major player in the premium segment and secondly, VIP offered generic value proposition with traditional identity. †¢The advent of Chinese goods flooding the Indian markets is also a growing phenomenon and is being looked upon as a potential competition in this segment too. . Name:Samsonite Product:â€Å"Black Label† Luggage Range Market Share:Total 35%, out of which 10% is for the premium segment. Strategy:Launched the â€Å"American Tourister† brand to reach popular market segment and the product was perceived as international and contemporary that appealed to the new generation. Weakness:Comparatively a new entrant in the market, it was regarded as high-end as the premium segment was slowly emerging. Market segment: †¢Upper socio-economic groups –for stylish traveler †¢Young premium singles married with high disposable income †¢Jet set travelers Market Share: Capture 10% of the market share of the premium segment, valued at INR 750crores †¢Product will be priced at a premium †¢Rate of usage is predicted to increase as they are directly proportionate to current fashion and trends 4) Marketing Mix – The 4 P’s Positioning: Not for all, only for the elite Value Proposition: Where travel meets style Product: DescriptionLeather Range, Attributes High end and L uxurious, Young and Stylish, Personalized Positioning Limited Edition Price: Methodology Perceived value pricing as the product delivers value proposition.

The Proof of the Pudding is in the Eating Essay Essay Example

?The Proof of the Pudding is in the Eating Essay Paper We have all heard the looks â€Å"you are what you eat† and â€Å"an apple a twenty-four hours keeps the physician away.† Turns out these looks hold more truth than we’d likely like to acknowledge. With so many delectably refined, enriched, neon colored, pseudo nutrients out at that place, our encephalons are more baffled than of all time before. Today, nutrient is specifically formulated to hit all the right musca volitanss on our linguas ; besides, its being reinforced with chemical additives that stimulate our appetencies through receptors in our encephalon, much like opiates. Then, its all wrapped up in carefully designed, brilliantly colored packaging, so how could we defy? Not to advert this nutrient is inexpensive! If you’re on a budget you might be in the crosshairs of the average machine I’m naming modern nutrient. It’s acquiring progressively hard to see past all the dynamism, and deviate our attending back to kick old, begrimed app les, or murky green Spinacia oleracea. I’d like to slop the beans, so to talk, about how I came to believe that modern nutrient is lead oning us and working our failings. We will write a custom essay sample on ?The Proof of the Pudding is in the Eating Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on ?The Proof of the Pudding is in the Eating Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on ?The Proof of the Pudding is in the Eating Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Before I had my kids I was cognizant, to some extent, that the nutrient I was attracted to, and ate on a regular basis wasn’t the best. It can be really hard to weed out the ‘bad eggs’ of the big food market shop shelves. A polar point in my nutritionary pilgrims journey was when I found out I was transporting my first boy. I started reading about nutrition and larning how the systems of the organic structure digest and utilize the nutrients we eat. I began by reading articles on the Weston A. Price Foundation web site, whose announcement is: â€Å"Restoring nutrient-dense nutrients to the American diet through instruction, research and activism.† I learned that I had an sentiment about nutrition, and that I didn’t agree with a batch of the guidelines set for us. I discovered that the largest subdivision on the American Food Pyramid, reserved for 6-11 helpings, belonged to grains. Eating this measure of any one type of nutrient each twenty-four hours is dismaying in itself. I decided to look into the subject of grains in peculiar. I read the book â€Å"Wheat Belly† by writer, William Davis, a celebrated heart specialist who noticed the inauspicious effects that modern twenty-four hours wheat is harvesting on our organic structures. This book is an dismaying read. It fundamentally states that modern wheat is really a merchandise of familial tinkering and agriculture and non the wheat our grandparents ate. This â€Å"wheat† is extremely toxic and should be wholly removed from our diets. I decided to utilize this new position of nutrient to my advantage, and finally to the benefit of the roll I had in my oven. With all this nutritionary information and a babe on the manner, I could no longer deny that I needed to alter my diet. Even still, I would hold neer guessed how hard this alteration would be. I was about to be served a immense piece of low pie. It would look that modern agribusiness and large concern did non desire me to cognize what was in my nutrient. Standing in the food market shop isles reading the dorsum of bundles was boring, but important. I practically had to larn a new vocabulary to dissect the 15 missive footings on the ingredient lists. I must hold missed the lesson in school on Mono- and Diglycerides: The most common emulsifiers, and Xanthan Gum: The most common stabilizer and thickening. Since these ingredients are abundant in prepared nutrients, possibly it wouldn’t be such a bad thought to throw them a bone early on, with a lesson on additives. Can you conceive of a nursary rime filled with words like Thiamin Mononitrate, Benzoate, and Hexametaphosphate? The n arrative of Hansel and Gretel faltering upon a house made of Monosodium Glutamate. The Cookie Monster champing down on some yummy, crunchy, Ca chloride. This brings me to my following bone of contention with modern nutrient, 1 that has become particularly prevailing in learning my kids proper nutrition. Why is it necessary to dress up the boxes of awful nutrients with sketchs my kids acknowledge? It feels somewhat like an ambuscade to me. It’s come to the point where taking my childs to the shop has become awful because every bend they want Dora this, and Spongebob that. The natural, natural attractive force to healthy nutrients is being ripped from our kids as a consequence of aiming and over selling. That endearing coney on the box of cereal is drawing more Trix on me than I would hold of all time guessed. Amply informed, we decided to alter our eating wonts as a household. We started full force, because Lashkar-e-Taibas face it, there is no easing into a alteration like this. I gathered my food markets and we began our wellness experiment. We didn’t consume any gluten, we amped up our fats, we ate dozenss of meat and dairy, and we plied on the fruits and veggies. I got originative with bites and repast programs to maintain from experiencing repetitive. The first few hebdomads were hard ; I’d pick up a cracker, and right when I’d go to take a bite, I’d realize that I wasn’t supposed have it, so I’d put it back. Although, there were many more times that I would really take a bite, and so stop up holding to abort that mouthful, mid-chew. With all large accommodations, the beginning is the hardest. Dayss went by, so hebdomads, and this became less of a stumbling block and more 2nd nature. Get downing this enterprise with hopes of avoiding certain substances, we didn’t anticipate the other benefits that would result. We showed noticeable weight loss, increased staying power and energy, head lucidity, and drastically improved digestive map. We might every bit good have hit the wellbeing kitty. Our pocketbooks, nevertheless, would reflect a significantly less profitable province. We were larning merely how expensive maintaining stocked on spoilables, such as fruits, veggies, meat, and dairy could be. This is where, I believe, the American nutrient system has profoundly failed us. You can purchase an overruning cart of prepared nutrients for about $ 100 and have it last over a hebdomad, but the same sum of healthy nutrient would be good over $ 200, and perchance last that long. Why should the low income households be forced into purchasing imitation nutrient? We all know that this is more than an epidemic in America, where every twelvemonth more people die from die t related complications than auto clangs, alcohol addiction, and drug usage combined. Childs are being born with new age conditions. Childhood fleshiness and diabetes has more than doubled in kids and quadrupled in striplings in the past 30 old ages. How could that non be diet related? It is about impossible that there could be such a simple hole to these tremendous jobs. It doesn’t involve striping ourselves of delightful nutrients, its more about avoiding toxic chemicals and genetically engineered ingredients concealing in our nutrient. Whether it is an obvious, 15 missive ingredient like those mentioned antecedently, or a apparently guiltless grain, like the toxic GMO wheat ; We need to understand what we are devouring and finally alimentary our organic structures with. There is an look I like that does a good occupation summing up, â€Å"You can be good fed and malnourished at the same time.†

Book review of Trust Us Were Experts by Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber.

Book review of Trust Us Were Experts by Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber. In an era of blatant disregard for journalistic objectivity, alleged vast right-wing conspiracies and the myriad books that attempt to enlighten the average citizen of the evils of corporate America, advertising, media bias and any form of sensible government, we have yet another boogey-man expos © by the editors of PR Watch: Trust Us We're Experts by Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber.In the true spirit of "The X Files" and yellow journalism, Rampton and Stauber (a.k.a. Special Agents Fox Mulder and Dana Scully) set out to prove that behind every successful corporation in the United States, is an infinite network of diabolical wizardry attempting to "pull one over" on the innocently misinformed American public. In fact, by their account there is a conspiracy of public relations firms, billionaire sugar daddies and scientists for hire, all with one thing in common: their insatiable greed and disregard for the American public's best interest.United StatesThis idea of conspiracy is not new of course, the DNC and Clinton administration have been crying wolf since the Lewinsky scandal of 1998. This notion of conspiracy theory is basically an agreement to perform together an illegal, wrongful, or subversive act. An act of conspiracy is exactly the way to describe American Communists and their fellow travelers, who did everything from infiltrating government to stealing the secrets of the atom bomb. Every now and again we hear about people who reveal insightful conspiracy theories that Wall Street is planning another depression, or that AIDS was an invention of the CIA to arrest the growth of the African American population.Trust Us offers examples ad nauseam of these sorts of conspiracy shenanigans, but essentially becomes a repetitive list of treacherous acts performed by some members of the PR industry. In short, the book is completely anti-corporate and almost entirely...

Resume and cover letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Resume and cover letter - Essay Example This has made me more capable in handling certain circumstances under extreme pressure. I do realize that many jobs in the business world require a person to have a strong and stable character which can handle a stressful environment. I can do this. I have been attempting to bring improvements into my life since reaching the United States 10 years ago and my educational progress has only been one of the areas that I have found to bring remarkable attributes for myself. Due to the fact that my sister is already an employee of your company I have learned a great deal about the skills that would be required for the position of a ‘program specialist’ with the business. I am aware that I would need to have dedication and a good deal of knowledge in online marketing and with advertising programs as well. My educational training has earned me a degree that covers these various areas so I feel totally confident that I would be an asset to your company, which is my main goal. I also am aware that excellent verbal and other communication skills are a must in order to work for the company and I am proud to say that I have developed my English skills most proficiently and could be viewed almost as a native speaker. Also, I do believe I have a great personality and am easy going, and very willing to work along side others in a collaborative type of environment to achieve the company’s goal. Most importantly for myself, I want to be employed with a company that has longevity and values its employees, which I am certain that your business can do as I have heard nothing but positive remarks about the company. In order to give a better view of my skills and past experiences through the education and employment that I have acquired my resume is attached. I look forward to hearing from your company and am hoping for a

Thurgood Marshall and his impact on the American civil rights movement Term Paper

Thurgood Marshall and his impact on the American civil rights movement - Term Paper Example He is recognized for making contributions to race and gender equality as well as the rights of an accused. He was born on 2 July 1908 in Baltimore, Maryland and attended the Samuel Coleridge Taylor Elementary School and Booker T. Washington Junior High. Thurgood Marshall’s parents were mulattoes who could trade their ancestry to a nineteenth-century Congo slave who have caused much trouble for his master that he was set free. The former slave was Thurgood’s Marshall’s great grandfather. Thurgood Marshall’s father was a waiter and amateur writer while his mother was a schoolteacher. During his elementary years, Thurgood Marshall â€Å"was best remembered† to be on the front row so teachers could see him closely. He was also described as to have â€Å"enjoyed teaching the girls while he was in school†. According to Thurgood Marshall, himself, he was born Throughgood Marshall but after growing tired of spelling his long first name, he shorted his name to Thurgood when he was in second grade. Thurgood Marshall had revealed that although they had lived on a respectable street but behind them were â€Å"back alleys where the roughnecks and the tough kids hung out.† Further, Thurgood Marshall had revealed that every dinnertime, his mother had to go to the front door to call her brother but had to use the backdoor to call him for dinner. 12 In 1921 to 1925, Marshall attended the Colored High and Training School that became the Frederick Douglass High School in 1923.13 The Colored High and Training School was known as an all-black school with no school library, no cafeteria, and no gym when Thurgood Marshall was enrolled.14 The school was â€Å"so overcrowded that half-day sessions were held to accommodate all students†. 15 Students in the school were divided based on perfor mance and Marshall had belonged to the best students of the school.16 Nevertheless, Marshall was known as a prankster and his â€Å"antics† usually sent him to punishment.17 The main form of punishment then was to put the punished in the school basement to memorize the US Constitution.18 From the experience, Marshall recounted later, that came to know the US Constitution by heart.19 Marshall was a figure on the high school campus because of his participation and success in his school’s debate team.20 Marshall married Vivian Burey in 1923.21 In 1924, he graduated from high school at the top three of his class after maintaining a grade of B average. 22 In 1930, Marshall graduated cum laude from the Lincoln University in Lincoln, Pennsylvania.23 Lincoln University was known as the â€Å"Black Princeton† because it was founded and ran â€Å"by the same Presbyterians who ran Princeton University†. 24 In Lincoln University, despite graduating at the top of his class, many thought he never studied.25 One friend even described him as someone who was the least likely to succeed.26 In Lincoln University, Thurgood Marshall was known as a great pinochle player, fan of cowboy movies, and connoisseur of comic books. 27 On his second year in the university, Marshall joined the Alpha Phi Alpha, a fraternity described as â€Å"elite† and composed of â€Å"mostly light-skinned boys†.28 Thurgood Marshall was known to have â€Å"enjoyed† hazing the younger students and â€Å"did so in such an aggressive manner that he got kicked out school, along with 25 other sophomores†.29 However, Marshall and the rest of his companions were readmitted after they wrote and sign a confession of admission to the University.30 Marshall initially intended to attend the University of Maryland Law School but found out that only two black students had graduated from the law school in Maryland. 31 Further, he

Comparison between Management Information System (MIS) and Executive Essay

Comparison between Management Information System (MIS) and Executive Information System (EIS) - Essay Example In the banking industry, such systems find tremendous use as they are employed for various activities like financial reporting, analysis, capital investment decisions, investment risk analysis and cash flow analysis. All these activities require executive overview as well as managerial decisions at different levels, which require the use of either EIS or MIS as deemed necessary. Specifically speaking, the project will analyze the utilities of these systems for senior and middle management in the target industry, who use the services of these mediums for business planning, forecasting, monitoring and control. Further, the significance of these systems amongst various departments within companies as well as their specific uses by employees for realizing various tasks will be studied thoroughly. As mentioned above, the primary purpose of the project is to provide a critical comparison between the use of Management Information Systems (MIS) and Executive Information Systems (EIS) in the investment banking and financial sector. For this purpose, an elaborate study will be undertaken to analyze such systems used in prominent investment banks in the United States like Bank of America, Citigroup, Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs. In this study, a number of objectives have been outlined which will be evaluated to provide an extensive comparison amongst the two chosen categories. These objectives are listed below. As the name implies, Information systems serve the primary purpose of information gathering, processing and appropriate display. In doing so, the worthiness of both MIS and EIS will be evaluated for their efficiency in processing information without much processing and user involvement. This is especially essential for users in specific departments as relieving them from additional processing provides them the much needed time for elaborate decision making using the information provided by these systems. Two

Ansoff And Sfa Evaluation Management Essay

Ansoff And Sfa Evaluation Management Essay GM could use product development to improve revenue on a number of brands. However GM must work to drive down costs. Using Porters (1984) cost based generic strategy. It shows reducing costs can also create a competitive advantage. If costs are lowered and price is kept relatively similar this will improve profits (Hines, 2004). This could be seen as a suitable and acceptable option. However how could the costs be reduced? Many suppliers are suffering similar problems from the recession. One strategy would be too merge or acquire existing suppliers, a method of external development (White, 2004), which would reduce costs, improve core competencies and could even lead to technological development. However is this feasible? The strategy has risk, as this may not necessarily reduce costs or improve profits therefore it is not totally acceptable. GM should continue operating in Europe for the foreseeable future. They have changed the business strategy to focus on becoming leaner and developing core brands, while investing considerably in diversification (Sunderland, 2009). This is the best strategic option open to GM however it must be managed well. Applying it to the main success criteria can highlight how this is the best action (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington, 2007): Suitability This strategy addresses the position of GM. Outlined within the SWOT analysis was the need for product development and the introduction of smaller car ranges. GM have already committed to investing if it gets new products into the market faster (Vlasic, 2009). Additionally McAlister (2009), states that GM are already working on new products that they can continue building within the UK plants beyond 2013. An identified strength was its large supply and distribution network therefore using this core competency it can implement new product ranges. If a competitive advantage is gained then it can use the European market as an additional sales environment. Although Yip (2003) states global strategies can have different driving forces, competencies can still be applied if GM understands the local cultures (Lynch, 2003). Staying in Europe is a logical step. To withdraw now could lead to larger costs in the future, such as re-entry into the market as sales in this area cannot be ignored. Ec onomies of scale exist such as an extensive knowledge through suppliers etc so risk would be low for the implementation of any new strategies. Feasibility GM are a global organisation, they have an existing network of both tangible and intangible resources. However significant investment is needed in RD, which could be attained through selling underperforming brands, although as mentioned GM are willing to commit to this aspect. There are no significant issues of time scale but change is not always immediate. For this strategy to work the rate of change must be quick (Johnson et al, 2007) and adopting a new culture is the priority so the management and workforce must show commitment. This could be difficult as the previous culture was slow to react and very bureaucratic (Maynard, 2009). In the future resources may be needed within Europe and by opting to stay GM will have greater access, making the option more feasible. Acceptability A number of stakeholders benefit from this strategy. They government expect GM to keep sales high in order to pay back their debts and this can be achieved more efficiently by existing in a larger market. GM advised there will be a number of job losses, helping towards their restructure and reduction of wages (BBC, 2009). Additionally GM has made the correct decision ethically. This business is vital for a number of industries and therefore helps towards employment so withdrawing from Europe could have a huge effect on suppliers, distributors etc. Finally GM has also made the best decision for their owners. Staying in this market will increase sales and further product development could help sustain a competitive advantage. Although diversification failed in 2004 (Vlasic, 2009) with the mass produced but under marketed EV1 range (Vlasic, 2009), it is possible with the correct investment and understanding it can be a success. Although as outlined above this is the best strategy available to GM, focus must be placed on developing new technology. Bowmans strategy clock (appendix 12) shows that offering differentiated products at a market average price can lead to increased sales through high perceived service benefits (Wheelen and Hunger, 2008). If GM were to market any new technology at a high price it could lead to strategy failure as these products may already exist. In comparison if GM introduces similar products at a lower price it could create an immediate and sustainable competitive advantage. Example 2 Ansoff Matrix, proposed by Igor ansoff, used to classify and explain 4 strategies for business growth. For the case studied, GM opted for consolidation and market penetration. GM uses consolidation strategy (Ansoff) to increase sales without drifting from its original product, we speak of market strategy. GM wants to penetrate this market by improving product quality and provide a real service to these customers. To achieve its goal, GM spends large sums of money in marketing and communication, like advertising for example. This strategy is important for GM because retaining existing customers is cheaper than attracting new customers. It therefore decided to keep five brands already in its possession. Yet, GM is moving beyond its customer base to attract new customers for its existing products. This strategy often involves the sale of existing products into new international markets. For example, the new GM wants to expand its market share thanks to the demand emerging countries like Brazil, China, and India. Indeed, these countries are expanding and it is a growing market for years in the motor industry. Evaluation of the strategies To evaluate the effectiveness of the strategy of the new GM, the SFA (Suitability, Feasibility and acceptability) is an important tool. This theory presented by Johnson, Scholes and Whittington (seventh edition, p. 371, 2005) may help us to analyze the potential of the strategy. The suitability of this strategy is well. The old GM was producing big cars and consumed a lot. They were not economic and do not respect the environment. Thus, the American manufacturer has seen its sales fall in recent years. In addition, the feasibility of this option is good. The new GM has a lot of knowledge and an impressive physical capital. GM already knows the brands it represents. In addition, engineers are working continuously to develop more economical cars. There is a university in the company to provide access to information. Moreover, GM today focuses on 5 brands instead of 11; it can devote a largest share of investment in the RD sector. To finish, GM has received some aids. To finish, the acceptability of this strategy is good. GM is supported by many governments and organizations (for the development of new energy) for its restructuring. It receives financial aid. The US government spends money for GM restructuration, in return GM has to develop clean cars. Personally, I chose the same option as it is obvious that the Old GM had a wide range of products. But they do not come up to consumers expectations. In addition, I took the risk to launch the company into emerging market because there is great potential in sales. Thus, I proposed new models for this market and even open factories, specifically to come up to consumers expectation. Example 3 Identification and Evaluation of Strategy Product development and related diversification (Ansoff, 1988) Mc Afees software will provide Intels chips with hardware-enhancing security (Takahashi, 2010) which leads to a competitive advantage. This strategy is classified as product development since Intel delivers a technologically modified product to its existing market (Johnson, Scholes Whittington, 2008). As Mc Afee remains an independently run security company which stays in its market (BBC News, 2010) it is regarded as one key player in the emerging market of cloud computing (Takahashi, 2010). This vertical integration enables Intel to expand to new markets, diversify the risk through a broader product portfolio and enhance its growth perspectives. Therefore Intel follows the strategy of a related diversification (Johnson et al, 2008). Suitability The strategic directions are suitable as long as they address the key issues identified previously (Johnson et al, 2008). As Intels current market is almost stagnating, the strategic direction should enable long-term growth. Moreover it should incorporate the knowledge of consumer and technological trends in mobile computing. With the acquisition of McAfee, Intel addresses the trend for security and energy efficiency in chips. Moreover they react to the saturated market of PCs as McAfee is expected to be a key player in the growing market of cloud computing (Takahashi, 2010). Another issue arises from anti-trust regulations which prevent Intel from acquiring competitors. A vertical integration does not violate any laws while it enables Intel to enhance its growth perspectives in new markets (diversification). Feasibility Intels strength to finance their investments from their operating profit supports the financial feasibility of the acquisition strategy. Intels healthy financial position allows the company to exploit RD to integrate McAfees security software in their chips. Moreover they gained much experience with MA initiatives from the past (Intel, 2010). This implies that they have strong resources and competences in place which enhance the strategys effectiveness. Acceptability The acquisition was decided unanimously by the both boards. However, falling stock prices of Intel (Appendix 6) reflect suspicious shareholders (Hardawar, 2010). A possible reason for mistrust is seen in a lack of understanding of the gains in comparison to the immense acquisition costs. Intel argues that the financial position justifies the $7.68bn acquisition (BBC News, 2010) which is supported by the assumption to regenerate the $5 billion cash spend for the acquisition in less than a year (Hardawar, 2010). However, the deal may help Intel to gain wider long-term profit margins which reflects a higher shareholder value (King, 2010). Since the acquisition enhanced Intels vertical integration focus and does not place any threat towards anti-trust violations, there is no risk incorporated with governmental intervention (Hardawar, 2010).

Monticello :: essays research papers

Monticello "I am as happy nowhere else and in no other society, and all my wishes end, where I hope my days will end, at Monticello," wrote Thomas Jefferson the great architect of his home, Monticello. His home of 54 years was named Monticello which means "little mountain" in Italian. Many still question the reasoning for the name "Monticello." The only reasoning that was come up with was that Jefferson wanted to build his home on his mountain located in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia near Charlottesville. He wanted a place that was private and away from civilization and the commotion of politics. Thomas Jefferson became his own master builder on this land that he inherited from his father, Peter Jefferson. When his father died he left five thousand acres and more than twenty slaves to Thomas and his younger brother Randolph. The land would include the little 867 foot wooded mountain that would one day be called "Monticello." In 1767 Jefferson did the unheard thing to do in colonial America, he decided to build his dream home on the mountaintop. There were no highways or rivers on the land he built his home and people thought he was crazy and unpractical for doing this. Architecture, as a profession, did not exist in colonial America. Only the wealthy men of the South were to have some knowledge of architectural styles. Finally gentlemen farmers and merchants were able to create plans and pictures of their dream houses by combining their skills. They were then able to become what was known as amateur architects. Jefferson started his construction of Monticello by leveling his mountaintop and setting down on paper sketchy visions of the house. He then prepared the mechanical working drawings, which he taught himself to do. The materials needed to construct Monticello were found in the area. He used his own trees for timber and took stone blocks for the foundation out of his mountain. The bricks were even fired in Monticello's own mountaintop kiln. He studied P2 the crafts of stonecutting, brick making and carpentry to carry out the work of construction. The only things he had to get elsewhere were the intricate fittings like brass locks and doorknobs or glass. Slowly but surely Jefferson finished a small brick building, which was the south pavilion, in 1770. Later the north pavilion was finished and served as a study for his son-in-law.

Discrete math

Propositions The fundamental objects we work with In arithmetic are numbers. In a similar way, the fundamental objects In logic are propositions. Definition: A proposition Is a statement that is either true or false. Whichever of these (true or false) is the case is called the truth value of the proposition. Here are some examples of English sentences that are propositions: ‘Canberra is the capital of Australia. ‘ ‘There are 8 days in a week. ‘ ‘Isaac Newton was born In 1642. ‘ ‘5 Is greater than 7. Every even number greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers. ‘ The following sentences are not propositions: Where are you going? ‘Come here. ‘ ‘This sentence Is false. ‘ Explanation The first sentence is a question and the second is a command, so clearly neither is a proposition and the third sentence is rather more subtle. The study of the structure of compound propositions is made easier by th e use of symbols for atomic propositions and connectives.We will use lower-case letters such as p, q and r to denote atomic propositions. There are five connectives that we will use in our work: they are listed in Table, together with their symbols. The If then and if and only if connectors will be our next topic on Monday. Express the following propositions in symbolic form, and Identify the principal connective: (a) Either Karen Is studying computing and Mini Is not studying mathematics, or Mini Is studying mathematics. ) It Is not the case that If It Is sunny then I will carry an umbrella. (c) The program will terminate if and only if the input is not numeric or the escape key is pressed.

Explain the major factors between 1928 and 1933 that enabled Hitler to come to power

Explain the major factors between 1928 and 1933 that enabled Hitler to come to power Up to 1928 there had been uncertainty in Germany, with the Wall Street crash of 1928 this uncertainty became reality as the Weimar republic fell and Hitler took power. The crushing blows of the Treaty of Versailles to Germany's economy and its public pride led to the mood of the German people becoming depressed. They were penniless, so they looked left and right for an answer to their problems. With the rise of communism and right wing socialism, democracy was steadily loosing power. With the continual use of article 48(presidents ability to overrule the Reichstag), the limited personality of leaders, the awkward policies and loss of democratic ideals, the Weimar republic was week. With the ideas of Nazi propaganda and Nazi political methods, people specifically looked at Nazism as a way out of their situation.In 1923 a group of young, so called, Nazis were ambitiously planning to take over Berlin.Karte des Deutschen Reiches, Â »Weimarer Republik/D...When their ally dropped out they decided to break into a meeting and obliterate it, this was called the Beer Hall Putsch. They were arrested and their leader, a then unknown man, named Adolf Hitler went to jail with a chain of publicity trailing behind them.The years between 1923 and 1928 were prosperous for Germany; the economy had a minor 'boom' thanks to 'the young plan'. MÂ ¼ller, chancellor at the time, put in action a plan where Germany would borrow money from America so it could secure payment on it's reparations. This was fine until the Wall Street crash in 1928 threw Germany, and most of Europe, into depression. America demanded it's loans back and Germany's economy slumped. Inflation rose to an absurd amount, people became extremely poor, and they had lost whatever small confidence they had in democracy. Hindenburg threw Muller out of his chancellorship; Muller was...

Statistics for Leap Day on February 29

Statistics for Leap Day on February 29 The following explore different statistical aspects of a leap year.  Leap years have one extra day due to an astronomical fact about the earth’s revolution around the sun.  Almost every four years it’s a leap year. It takes roughly 365 and one-quarter days for the earth to revolve around the sun, however, the standard calendar year lasts only 365 days. Were we to ignore the extra quarter of a day, strange things would eventually happen to our seasons - like winter and snow in July in the northern hemisphere. To counteract the accumulation of additional quarters of a day, the Gregorian calendar adds an extra day of February 29 nearly every four years. These years are called leap years, and February 29th is known as leap day. Birthday Probabilities Assuming that birthdays are spread uniformly throughout the year, a leap day birthday on February 29 is the least probable of all birthdays. But what is the probability and how could we calculate it? We start by counting the number of calendar days in a four-year cycle. Three of these years have 365 days in them. The fourth year, a leap year has 366 days. The sum of all of these is 365365365366 1461. Only one of these days is a leap day. Therefore the probability of a leap day birthday is 1/1461. This means that less than 0.07% of the world’s population was born on a leap day. Given current population data from the U.S. Census Bureau, only about 205,000 people in the U.S. have a February 29th birthday. For the world‘s population approximate 4.8 million have a February 29th birthday. For comparison, we can just as easily calculate the probability of a birthday on any other day of the year. Here we still have a total of 1461 days for every four years. Any day other than February 29 occurs four times in four years. Thus these other birthdays have a probability of 4/1461. The decimal representation of the first eight digits of this probability is 0.00273785. We could have also estimated this probability by calculating 1/365, one day out of the 365 days in a common year. The decimal representation of the first eight digits of this probability is 0.00273972. As we can see, these values match each other up to five decimal places. No matter which probability we use, this means that around 0.27% of the worlds population was born on a particular non-leap day. Counting Leap Years Since the institution of the Gregorian calendar in 1582, there have been a total of 104 leap days. Despite the common belief that any year that is divisible by four is a leap year, it’s not really true to say that every four years is a leap year. Century years, referring to years that end in two zeros such as 1800 and 1600 are divisible by four, but may not be leap years.  These century years count as leap years only if they are divisible by 400. As a result, only one out of every four years that end in two zeros is a leap year. The year 2000 was a leap year, however, 1800 and 1900 were not. The years 2100, 2200 and 2300 will not be leap years. Mean Solar Year The reason that 1900 was not a leap year has to do with the precise measurement of the average length of earth’s orbit. The solar year, or amount of time that it takes the earth to revolve around the sun, varies slightly over time. it is possible and helpful to find the mean of this variation.   The mean length of revolution is not 365 days and 6 hours, but instead 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes and 12 seconds. A leap year every four years for 400 years will result in three too many days being added during this time period. The century year rule was instituted to correct this overcounting.

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Response paper - Essay Example Apart from certain borrowing between some of them, like Judaism, Christianity and Islam on the one hand, and Hinduism and Buddhism on the other, these religious cults have developed a sophisticated vision of the creation, which definitely and firmly departs from the realm of mythology and appertain to the realms of divine and/or philosophy. Given the major differences, in terms of monotheism and polytheism, between those religions, as well as the fact that all of them claim – quite understandably indeed – the divine high ground, it does rather beg the question of how one can discern their true value. Their concepts of the creation could present us with all-important clues in regard to this question. Due to the borrowings between some of those religious cults, as stated earlier, and for the sake of brevity, the following sections discuss only two of them, which are considered prototypes – Judaism and Hinduism. With its stunning array of traditions, which are not embraced by a single holy book or subjugated to a universal dogma, Hinduism hardly resembles an orderly religious cult, but rather a miscellany of things that Hindus consider essential to practice their religion – from astronomy to music and dance1. The four Vedic collections – Rig, Sama, Yajur and Atharva – which are believed to have been composed between 1750 BCE and 1500 BCE as a revealed scripture, consist of four sections each, namely hymns (Samhitas), directions for the performance of the sacred rituals (Brahmanas), the so-called ‘compositions for the forest’ (Aranyakas), and the Upanishads2. The latter are believed to have been composed around 600 BCE and are considered philosophical works which contain truths about the universe and the place of humanity in it3. The beginning of the world, according to Rig-Veda and Atharva-Veda, is seen as follows: â€Å"In the

Radiotherapy in cancer care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Radiotherapy in cancer care - Essay Example Nevertheless, besides radiotherapy destroying the cancers cells, it also affects the normal tissues of the person receiving the treatment. This unintentional damage of normal tissues is often termed as toxicity. This toxicity often comes in hand with many sides effects. These include fatigue, radiation enteritis, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, hair loss, sore skin and joint or muscle stiffness. In cancer treatment, fatigue is a common side effect of radiation treatment. Fatigue is the most distressing symptom. It is much beyond the burden caused by nausea and pain. Research has proved that more than 75% of the patients who undergo radiotherapy in their cancer treatment complain of fatigue during and after the process (Cancer Net, n.d). This has induced a negative effect on the management of cancer. This is because it sometimes becomes severe affecting the life of the patients (Barsevick, Dudley & Beck, 2006). According to Dr, Vogelzang report, about a third of the patients considered fatigue as the most significant symptom of radiotherapy while almost 70% described it as the worst side effect. Studies have found that fatigue and skin problems were the most frequently reported side effects of patients undergoing radiation for lung cancer, although levels of fatigue were higher at the start of treatment compared to women treated with radiotherapy for breast cancer (Corner, & Bailey, 2009). Fatigue is recognized as a common symptom of radiotherapy, which not only occurs during treatment but also continues after the Radiotherapy has ended. The incidence of moderate to severe fatigue following radiotherapy has been reported as between 32% and 59% of those undergoing treatment trajectories (Dauz, Duccy, Scars, et al, 2001). Research has shown that management of fatigue is often limited during radiotherapy, with an undue focus on anaemia-related problems rather than providing wider support

Proposing a Solution to a Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proposing a Solution to a Problem - Essay Example Just like a prisoner, Jessa had to comply with the schedule provided. Everything within the institution follows a daily routine. As a residence of the Hospital, she lives most of her life following the house rules. At age 31, Jessa decided that she had to leave the hospital so she could learn to deal with life outside a confined area. Since she doesn’t know how to read and write and was enclosed in the institution for a very long time, she encountered a lot of difficulties coping with the life situation in the community. Her long stay at the institution contributed most to her lack of self-confidence and fear of trying something new. She also had a problem dealing with other people. Jessa told us that many years ago she was invited to join People First, a social institution that provides support for people with learning disabilities. At first she was reluctant to accept the invitation. It was the third invitation she received when she finally agreed to participate in the group discussion. The mission of People First is to inspire all adults with learning difficulties throughout different state to become a confident self-advocate(s) through proper teaching and guidance of the volunteers. (PAMONA, 2004) This group helped Jessa restore her self-confidence by simply attending the trainings that were provided to them. They were taught how to think positively and be confident about themselves. The self-advocacy skills were necessary to empower and encourage her not to give up on learning. They also provide her personal self-advice when necessary. The trusted people behind the People First were the main source of inspiration for Jessa in taking the necessary steps such as making her own decisions in order for her to gain control over her own life. Self-Advocacy is very important in the life of Jessa because it made her realize that as a human being, we all have the right to be treated equally with respect and dignity. (People First of Norfolk, 2007) In line with

Sherlock Holmes the original Essay Example for Free

Sherlock Holmes the original Essay This is so that he is able to solve the crimes without getting too involved. If he became a friend of one of the people involved with a crime it would be difficult to look on them from a distance and work the crime out. All detectives are shown to have an accomplice aiding them in their work. Holmes has Watson, Morse has Lewis, Poirot has Hastings, and Jonathan Creek has . She helps Creek in his detective work. She deducts and works things out only one level down from Creek, yet she will never be the one to find he final answer. This is like Lewis, who never solves the crime. The difference here is that Lewis doesnt give Morse much help in his detective work. He generally lets Morse do all the thinking and waits for Morse to tell him whats going on at the end. Although Hastings gives Poirot a bit of help he never comes up with the full answers or solves the mysteries. Poirot, Morse and Creek are very similar to Holmes in this way because Watson maybe gives him a few ideas, but will never be the one to solve the crime, by pulling all the clues and deductions together. Women are not of much interest to Holmes. He never has a relationship with a woman. The only time a woman has ever been of any interest to Holmes, is Irene Adler, who is known to him as the woman. He would never have a relationship with her though. Morse, however, has had many relationships with women. He is obviously interested in them as he says, She seemed rather attractive to me. He also comes across as interested in women because he asks the attractive woman in his choir out to a film and notices when she is not at choir. In one episode of Inspector Morse, he accuses a woman of a crime. When he realises she didnt do it she begins to cry so he passes her a tissue. This shows he is thinking about her feelings. He then gives her a hug, which is very unusual for a detective. What makes Morse and Holmes similar here is that Morses relationships never work out for one reason or another. This shows he is incapable of making a relationship with the opposite sex work. From looking at and studying these detectives, it is possible to say that the majority of fictional detectives have been based on Sherlock Holmes. He has a unique method of detection, which other writers have used as a characteristic for their detectives. Morse, Creek, Frost, Poirot and Holmes all use deduction as their way of solving the crimes. Each detective feels that the senses mislead and that guesswork and theorising before data is often wrong. This shows they all think in the same way. Each detective has that same sarcasm in their humour, saying that their problems are pretty and charming. Some detectives speak at least two languages and often mix the two. Showing they are bright and intellectual. Each detective likes classical music and is involved with it in some way i. e. playing an instrument or singing in a choir. Morse has the same flaws as Holmes; Morse drinks, Holmes takes drugs. Morse cannot keep up a relationship, Holmes never starts one. Morse in unorganised and likewise is Homes. Each detective is very much involved in his work. These characteristics, idiosyncrasies and methods of detection are certain to have originated from somewhere. Inspector Frost was created in 19 , Cracker was created in 19 , Jonathan Creek was created in the 1990s, Inspector Morse was created in the 19 , Hercule Poirot was created in the 1930s, and Sherlock Holmes was created in the late 1890s. Through knowing when each detective was created and studying each one in detail, it is obvious that Sherlock Holmes certainly was the first fictional detective. This allowed future authors/creators to build on his very strong characteristics and although many of Holmes character traits are used they have built on his character and sometimes developed it. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

Importance of International Advertising

Importance of International Advertising INTRODUCTION International business is taking different shades and is unavoidable today. This dynamic world is rapidly changing to the extent that it has been reduced to a â€Å"Global village†. This assertion is true in every sense because what happens in one part of the world has a rippling effect on some business transaction thousands of kilometers away. International marketing means to apply the principles of marketing in more than one country. International marketing involves the firm in making one or more marketing mix decisions across national boundaries. At its most complex level, it involves the firm in establishing manufacturing facilities overseas and coordinating marketing strategies across the globe INTERNATIONAL MARKETING DEFINED â€Å"The performance of business activities that direct the flow of a countrys goods and services to consumers or users in more than one nation for a profit.† Others have defined marketing as â€Å"the creation and delivery of a standard of living† or â€Å"Producing what you can sell not selling what you can produce†. The AMA has defined marketing in two ways as â€Å"The performance of the business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user† and if we may add ‘in more than one country. Their latest definition is even more elaborate as â€Å"the multinational process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives.†_ The venerable Philip Kotler defines Marketing as â€Å"a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want t hrough creating, offering, and exchanging products of value to others† across boundaries, if we were to raise it to the international scenario. International trade is a necessity for any 21st century company to remain buoyant in a ferociously competitive world. There certain key factors one has to note before venturing into a new market and these are the controllable factors (4 Ps, Product, Price, Promotion, and Place) and the uncontrollable variablessuch as the Political, Legal, and the cultural environment. IM is a stepping stone towards macro marketing unraveling the meaning of global business as to how that the world has been reduced to a small place where transactions done in a remote part of the world have some effect on the business transactions at another part of the world. The trend today is that World Trade is going â€Å"Global† and as such, the successful marketer should strategically think globally. The World economy has gone through different cycles and phases. At one time, The USA Multi National Corporations (MNC) reigned supreme and unrivalled. It is on record that the 20th century saw the world go into at least two economic depressions between the World wars. After the wars and eventual recovery of some poor economies, the USA other countries started thinking  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Global† in terms of trade. In order to regulate trade for sanity, efficiency and equity, various instruments were set in place to guarantee â€Å"free and fair trade† by different count ries. An association was set up to monitor and ensure fairness in trade, and thus the first General Agreement on Tariffs Trade (GATT) was set up  and later (1994) the World Trade organisation (WTO). INTERNATIONAL ADVERTISING International Advertising, generally speaking, is the promotion of goods, services, companies and ideas, usually in more than one country performed by an identified sponsor. Marketers see advertising as part of an overall promotional strategy. Other components of the promotional mix include publicity, public relations, personal selling, and sales promotion. Advertising is a cogent communication attempt to change or reinforce ones prior attitude that is predictable of future behavior. It can be viewed as a communication process that takes place in multiple cultures that differ in terms of values, communication styles, and consumption patterns. It is also a business activity involving advertisers and the advertising agencies that create ads and buy media in different countries. The sum total of these activities constitutes a worldwide industry that is growing in importance. International advertising is also a major force that both reflects social values, and propagates certain values worldwide. International advertising involves recognizing that people all over the world have different needs. Companies like Gillette, Coca-Cola, BIC, and Cadbury Schweppes have brands that are recognized across the globe. While many of the products that these businesses sell are targeted at a global audience using a consistent marketing mix, it is also necessary to understand the regional differences, hence it is important to understand the importance of international marketing. Organizations must accept that differences in values, customs, languages and currencies will mean that some products will only suit certain countries and that as well as there being global markets e.g. for BIC and Gillette razors, and for Coca-Cola drinks, there are important regional differences for example advertising in China and India need to focus on local languages. Just as the marketing environment has to be assessed at home, the overseas potential of markets has to be carefully scrutinized. Finding relevant in formation takes longer because of the unfamiliarity of some locations. The potential market size, degree and type of competition, price, promotional differences, product differences as well as barriers to trade have to be analyzed in order to advertise our product effectively in different countries BARRIERS OF INTERNATIONAL ADVERTISING CULTURE Culture is a problematic issue for many advertisers since it is inherently nebulous and often difficult to understand. One may violate the cultural norms of another country without being informed of this, and people from different cultures may feel uncomfortable in each others presence without knowing exactly why. Communication is more difficult because cultural factors largely determine the way various phenomena are perceived. If the perceptual framework is different, perception of the message itself differs. It is a well known fact that the culture of a country influences the customer preferences. Customers are quite sensitive about cultural aspects depicted in advertisements. Advertising themes, incorporating social acceptance, mutual dependence, respect for elders, harmony with nature, use of seasons, innovation and novelty, distinctive use of celebrities. Some of the advertising blunders in international marketing are: Procter and Gamble showed an animated stork delivering Pampers diapers in its ad campaigns in the US. The same ad copy was used in Japan, only the language was changed. However, this ad did not worked in Japan. The subsequent market research revealed that, unlike the western folklore, storks, according to the Japanese folklore, are not expected to deliver babies. On the contrary, Japanese people believe that it is the giant peaches that float on a river that bring babies to the deserving parents. Subsequently, Procter Gamble changed the theme of the ad campaign to â€Å"expert mom†, a nurse who is also a mother theme. Muhammad Ali is immensely popular in the Middle East. One of the car manufacturers used Muhammad Ali in its ad campaign for the region. The ad theme was, ‘I am the greatest. The ad backfired and offended the Muslims who regard only the God was great. LANGUAGE Translation from one language to another language is crucial in international advertising. The literal translation may fail to convey the desired message across the countries due to cultural factors. For instance the word yes means in low context in USA and Europe and in Japan it means I am listening to what are you saying, in Thailand it means Ok. So there is a difference in the language of different countries. Some instances of the translation blunders in international advertisement are as follows: Pepsi used the German translation of the slogan ‘come alive with Pepsi in its ad campaign in West Germany. However, the slogan when translated in German actually meant ‘come out of the grave with Pepsi and failed to generate any market response from the customers. General Motors translated its slogan ‘Body by Fisher to ‘Corps by Fisher in Belgium that offended many Belgium customers. EDUCATION The level of literacy plays an important role in deciding what advertisement tool and message should be used in international market. Market segments with lower level of adult literacy need to be addressed by way of more audio visual content rather than a written message. It should be ensured that the visuals convey the desired message rather than the text part of the advertisement. GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS The regulatory framework of a country influences the advertisement strategy in international market. The government regulations in the following country relate to following issues: Advertisement in foreign language. Use of sensuality Comparative advertising referring to the competing product from rival firms Use of children as models Advertisement related to alcohol and tobacco Advertisement related to health and pharmaceuticals Some of the various regulations in various countries are: In Malaysia the Ministry of Information advertising code states that women should not be a principal object of an advertisement and should not be used to attract sales unless the advertisement product is relevant to women. The Ministry of Information in Saudi Arabia prohibits any advertisement depicting unveiled woman. Use of foreign words and expression when French equivalents can be used are prohibited in France. Portuguese law prohibits sex discrimination or the subordination or objectification of women in advertising. Norway prohibits any advertising that portrays men or women in an offensive manner or implies any derogatory judgment of either sex. Most Arab countries prohibit explicit depiction of sensuality. MEDIA LIMITATION Media may diminish the role of advertising in the promotional program and may force the marketers to emphasis the other elements of promotional mix. A marketers creativity is certainly challenged when a television commercial is limited to 10 showing a year with no two exposures closer than 10 days. In some African countries advertisers run boats up and down the rivers playing popular music and broadcasting commercial into the bush as they travel. INTERNATIONAL ADVERTISING HELPS IN: Remind customers and prospects about the benefits of your product or service Establish and maintain your distinct identity Enhance your reputation Encourage existing customers to buy more of what you sell Attract new customers and replace lost ones Slowly build sales to boost your bottom line Promote business to customers, investors INTERNATIONAL ADVERTISING CONCEPT International advertising is becoming increasingly complex; more and more local and international companies are competing for consumers who are increasingly sophisticated and demanding. International advertising is defined as the non personal communication by an identified sponsor across international borders, using broadcast, print, and or interactive media. It requires dissemination of a commercial message to target audiences in more than one country. Target audiences vary from country to country in terms of how they perceive or interpret symbols or stimuli; respond to humor or emotional appeals, as well as in levels of literacy and languages spoken. How the advertising function is organized also varies. International advertising can be explained as the communication process that takes place in different cultures that varies in terms of values, communication styles, and consumption patterns. International advertising is also a business activity involving advertisers and the advertising agencies that create ads and buy media in different countries. It is also a major force that both reflects social values, and propagates certain values all over the world. The International Communication Process The international communication process involves using the entire promotional mix to communicate with the final consumer. First, the appropriate message is determined for the target audience by the advertiser. Next, the international sponsor (sender), usually represented by an advertising agency, encodes a message into words and images. The message is then translated into the language of target market and transmitted through a channel of media channels to the audience who then decodes and reacts to the message. Cultural barriers may hamper effective transmission of the message at each stage in the process and result in miscommunication. Art Direction Art direction is involved with visual presentation- the body language of print and broadcast advertising. Some types of visual presentation are universally understood. Revlon, for example, has used a French producer to develop television commercials, English and Spanish for use in the international markets. These commercials, which are filmed in Parisian settings, communicate the universal appeals and specific advantages of Revlon products. By producing its ads In France, Revlon obtains effective television commercials at a much lower price than it would have to pay for similar –length commercials produced in US. Pepsi Co has used four basic commercials to communicate its advertising themes. The basic setting of young people having fun at a party or on a beach has been adapted to reflect the general physical environment and racial characteristics of North America, South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia,. The music in these commercials has also been adapted to suite regional t astes, ranging from rock and roll in North America to Bossa nova in Latin America to Africa. The international advertiser must make sure that visual executions are not inappropriately extended into markets. Benetton recently encountered a problem with its â€Å"United Colors of Benetton† campaign. The campaign appeared in 77 countries, primarily in print and on billboards. The art direction focused on striking, provocative interracial juxtapositions- a white hand a black hand handcuffed together, for example another version of campaign, depicting a black woman nursing a white baby, won adverting awards in France and Italy. However, because the image evoked the history of slavery in America, that particular creative execution was not in the U.S market Cultural Considerations Knowledge of cultural diversity, especially the symbolism associated with cultural traits, is essential when creating advertising. Local country managers will be able to share important information, such as when to use cautions in advertising creativity. Use of colors and man-women relationships can often be stumbling blocks. For example, white in Asia is associated with death. In Japan, intimate scenes between men and women are considered to be in bad taste; they are outlawed in Saudi Arabia. Advertising Communication System Advertising communication always involves a perception process and four of the elements shown in the model: the source, a message, a communication channel, and a receiver. In addition, the receiver will sometimes become a source of information by talking to friends or associates. This type of communication is termed word-of-mouth communication, and it involves social interactions between two or more people and the important ideas of group influence and the diffusion of information. An advertising message can have a variety of effects upon the receiver. It can Create awareness Communicate information about attributes and benefits Develop or change an image or personality Associate a brand with feelings and emotions Forms group norms Precipitate behavior Efficacy Effectiveness of Advertising on International Markets International Advertising as a Business Practice International advertising can also be explained as a business activity through which a firm attempts to inform target audiences in different countries about itself and its product or service offerings. In some cases the advertising message relates to the firm and its activities, i.e. its corporate image. In other cases, the message relates to a specific product or service marketed by the firm. In either case, the firm will use the services of an advertising agency to determine the appropriate message, advertising copy and make the media placement. Advertising has gone through five major stages of development: domestic, export, international, multi-national, and global. For global advertisers, there are four, potentially competing, business objectives that must be balanced when developing worldwide advertising: building a brand while speaking with one voice, developing economies of scale in the creative process, maximizing local effectiveness of ads, and increasing the companys speed of implementation. Born from the evolutionary stages of global marketing are the three primary and fundamentally different approaches to the development of global advertising executions: exporting executions, producing local executions, and importing ideas that travel. Advertising research is key to determining the success of an ad in any country or region. The ability to identify which elements and/or moments of an ad that contributes to its success is how economies of scale are maximized. Once one knows what works in an ad, that idea or ideas can be imported by any other market. Market research measures, such as Flow of Attention, Flow of Emotion and branding moments provide insight into what is working in an ad in any country or region because the measures are based on the visual, not verbal, elements of the ad MEASURING ADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS Just as important as creating a strong marketing plan is following through on the results. How will you know which ads are working if you dont analyze the results? Check the effectiveness of your advertising programs regularly by using one or more of the following tests: Run the same ad in two different publications with a different identifying mark on each. Ask customers to clip the ad and bring it in for a discount or free sample. Or, if youre running an ad that asks customers to order by mail, put a code in your company address such as â€Å"Dept. SI.† By looking at the marks on the clipped ads or the addresses on the mail-in orders, youll be able to tell which ad pulled better. Offer a product at slightly different prices in different magazines. This has the added benefit of showing whether consumers will buy your product at a higher price. Advertise an item in one ad only. Dont have any signs or otherwise promote the item in your store or business. Then count the calls, sales or special requests for that item. If you get calls, youll know the ad is working. Stop running an ad that you regularly run. See if dropping the ad affects sales. Check sales results whenever you place an ad for the first time. Checks like these will give you some idea how your advertising and marketing program is working. Be aware, however, that you cant expect immediate results from an ad Especially with small ads—the type most entrepreneurs are likely to be running—you need to give the reader a â€Å"getting to know you† period during which he gets to feel comfortable with your business. METHODOLOGY The manager needs to engage in situation analysis with respect to the market conditions that are operating at the time and to assess the consumer/market, competitive, facilitating agency, and social legal, and global factors that will affect decision making and the development of the plan. It is vital that the advertising plan be developed so as to mesh with and support the various components of the marketing and communications mix such as personal selling, pricing, public relation, and promotion. The advertising manager also needs to know the major areas of his or her planning and decision-making responsibilities. There are three areas of major importance: Objective And Target Selection, Message Strategy and Tactics, Media Strategy and Tactics. Consumer and Market Analysis; A situation analysis often begins by looking at the aggregate market for the product, service, or cause being advertised: the size of the market, its growth rate, seasonality, geographical distribution; the possible existence of different segments; and trends in all of these aggregate market characteristics. These semgentations are very important, specially understanding the fact that these should be very clerarly defined and not overlapping. Competitive Analysis Advertising planning and decision-making are heavily affected by competition and the competitive situation the advertiser faces. Having a competitive advantage is now the need of the day. The competitive advantage of the firm is what gives it an edge in the market. Competition is such a pervasive factor that it will occur as a consideration in all phases of the advertising planning and decision-making process. Competition is something that cannot be avoided by any firm at any cost, and a any lev el. The fact that competion is not only a detrimental factor but rather also an internal motivator; the firms are all ready to support it. A type of market structure analysis that involves the development of perceptual maps of a market, for example, attempts to locate the relative perceptual positions of competitive brands. Situation analysis should usually include an analysis of what current share the brand now has, what shares its competitors have, trends in these shares, reasons for these trends, what share of a market is possible for the brand, and from which competitors an increase in share will come. The planner also has to be aware of the relative strengths and weaknesses financial, production, and marketing of the different competing companies, and the history of competitive moves and objectives in the product category. IT shall give the firm a complete overview of the current prevailing conditions and where the firm currently stands. Also in certain cases it tells what the firm stands to gain and lose in the situation. The Marketing Plan Advertising planning and decision making take place in the context of an overall marketing plan. The marketing plan includes planning, implementation, and control functions for the total corporation or a particular decision-making unit or product line. The marketing plan must be extensively effective for any firms success. The marketing plan will include a statement of marketing objectives and will spell out particular strategies and tactics to reach those objectives. The marketing objectives should identify the segments to be served by the organization and how it is going to serve them. The segment, need to be properly differentiated. Externally every segment must be different and every segment must be homogeneous inside. The needs and wants of consumers on which the firm will concentrate, such as the needs of working men and women for easily prepared meals, are identified and analyzed in a marketing plan. The market plan can be made only when there are properly d efined market segments are not overlapping. At many such instances, where the firm is unable to properly desiccate the market, the firm stands to lose profits or market share, and even both. There are several marketing tools that can be used to help an organization achieve its marketing objectives. Most people are familiar with the â€Å"4 Ps† the marketing mix which includes product, price, place, and promotion. A marketing plan formulates the strategy and tactics for each of these. Message Strategy and Tactics The actual development of an advertising campaign involves several distinct steps. First, the advertising manager must decide what the advertising is meant to communicate by way of benefits, feeling, brand personality, or action content. Once the content of the campaign has been decided, decisions must be made on the best and most effective ways to communicate that content. Media Strategy Although there are many rules of thumb often used to decide how much money to spend on advertising, the soundest rules involve beginning with a detailed specification of what a corporation is attempting to accomplish with advertising, and the resources necessary. It is only when the job to be done is well specified that the amount and nature of the effort the amount of money to be invested in advertising can be really determined. STANDARDISATION VIS A VIS LOCALISATION Adaptation as a general tendency of the cross-national advertising literature The feasibility of ad standardization depends on variables related to the economic, technological, legal, social, and cultural environment. These factors together are known as the PEST factors which are very important for every firm. These are those external factors or conditions that the firm needs to adapt it with. These factors cannot be controlled by the firm and thus influence the firm extensively. Within a homogeneous environment advertising standardization is recommendable. If, on the contrary, environmental variables across markets are heterogeneous, customized advertising should be favored. Its always preferred that the environment be homogeneous. Reviews of cross-national advertising studies, either regional or global generally conclude in favor of adaptation. Standardized advertising is hindered if the use of certain media or execution elements is restricted, for instance in countries such as Malaysia which prohibits the use of foreign models in advertising. In a similar w ay, a heterogeneous economic environment across countries makes advertising standardization more difficult. Advertising execution has to take into account the education, literacy, and income levels of target groups. The competitive environments as well as the actual life cycle stage of a product are further factors in favor of adaptation. The cultural environment is seen as the highest barrier against standardized advertising. Differing needs, traditions, consumption habits, religion etc. make the use of an identical advertising approach across markets difficult. Its still a matter of debate whether standardization or adaptation is better, as it is a very subjective term. The fact that adaptation allows for more creative freedom and standardisation a more restrictive environment, generally means can allow the advertisers to go for more focused approaches. On average, the cross-national advertising literature leans towards adaptation rather than standardization of advertising worldwide. Change over time Many studies point to the persistent need of ad adaptation. For instance, ananalysis of U.S. companies operating in Europe showed that, between 1963 and 1983, advertisingwas more resistant to standardization than product or brand policies. However, there are many arguments in favour of a trend towards advertising standardization, especially due to strong globalization over the last 20 years. A number of developing countries have been accessing the status of advertising intensive countries. China and India are a case in point for a dramatic change in the place of advertising in the overall business and consumer scene. Authors coming from the corporate world, either advertisers or agencies, have consistently argued in favour of ad standardization and the possibility of putting up a global message with localized communication . Furthermore, rapidly changing communication technologies (Internet ads, satellite TV) influence global advertising: media overlaps push companies to more standar dized advertising approach. Advertising standardization is increasing over time due the globalization trend. Adaptation to local contexts still needed Religion act as filters of advertising messages, transforming factual information into culturally interpreted meaning. Culture and local customs are positively related to adaptation recommendation Advertising strategy versus advertising execution The contents of advertising can be categorizes in to two categories as strategy and execution .Though there is some overlap between both the categories , advertising strategy comprises what is said and execution concerns more how it is said.Degree of adaptation increases over a continuum of four levels as : mission (long term, identity and vision of the communicator), proposition (campaign themes), creative concepts (how themes are translated in the language and cultures of the target groups) and execution. While mission and proposition can rather easily be globalized, execution will need much local tailoring. Influence of product category on the degree of standardization Of international advertising The type of the product have an influence on advertising standardization. Products which satisfies the universal needs have messages which mostly carries rather than context free information . Ads for certain product categories may be easier to standardize because they correspond to global (airlines, tobacco, banks,) rather than multidomestic industries (food, motor insurance,). IM LOVIN IT†: An International Motto We can take the example of McDonalds which have launched a new and for the first time global marketing strategy in Germany at the beginning. The campaign launched by the McDonald revolves around the motto, â€Å"Im loving it† and it is part of a new and broader marketing approach that McDonalds calls Rolling Energy. The company says this approach will restore the strength of the brand in the entire world, unify its messages and integrate all its marketing moves. â€Å"McDonalds realized that it can save money. To create a campaign of this sort, which is not individualized for each country and each market and which is going to use the same slogan, presumes a terrific cost savings that could have an impact on [McDonalds] accounting results.† Despite the benefits that this campaign offers, â€Å"it contains the risk of not being able to adjust to the peculiarities of each individual market†. â€Å"The value shared by the youths in different countries makes it possible today more than ever to create global campaigns with a same message†. Axe Chocolate-man Ad Banned Axe ad is a classic example of standardization vs. localization debate. Keeping in line suggestive advertisements being televised. The Indian government has taken strong objection to the AXE chocolate deodorant ad .Ministry of information and broadcasting has regarded the ad as indecent, vulgar and repulsive. It clearly reflects the importance of understanding cultural sensitivity in advertising. INTERNATIONAL ADVERTISING AS A SOCIAL FORCE When we consider it from the advertisers point of view, according to them the primary objective of advertisement is that the product or services which they are offering should be sold in the market. And in achieving the main objective of selling the product or services there are other profound consequences .Advertising puts an influence which is both persuasive and pervasive in nature. Through the selective reinforcement of certain language and values, and social goal, it acts as impor